Azerbaijan and Iran, major Shiite Muslim countries, witnessed the worst escalation in their ties when on January 27, 2023 the Azerbaijani embassy in Tehran was attacked, killing the head of the embassy security service and injuring two guards.
According to Al-Jazeera, closed circuit television footage released by Iran showed the attacker hurriedly arriving at the scene with his car and crashing into another vehicle parked in front of the embassy. After exiting the car with the rifle in hand, he passes an unarmed Iranian guard sitting in a booth and enters the embassy shooting. While shooting at two Azerbaijani guards, a third tackles him, eventually disarming the attacker. Azeribaijan President Ilham Aliyev had condemned the incident as a “terrorist act” whereas top officials in Iran have denied it as a “terrorist” act as it was carried out with personal motivations. Azerbaijan suspended its diplomatic mission and also warned its citizens against visiting Iran.
Similar incidents have been observed in the past when diplomatic missions of the countries (the United Kingdom embassy in 2011 and the Saudi Arabian embassy in 2016) which shared periods of strained relationships with the country have been attacked in Tehran. This has led to further deterioration in relations between Iran and Azerbaijan.
Baku, a strict secular republic nation, detesst Iran’s theocratic attitude. Iran is a home to a sizable Azeri minority and has always accused Baku of fanning the flames of separatist sentiment in the country. The relations between the two nations have been rocky since the 2020 war between Azerbaijan and Armenia. Azerbaijan officials have blamed Iran for backing Armenia in the conflict over Azerbaijan’s Nagorno-Karabakh region. In addition, relations have from time to time flared in the past three decades over Azerbaijan’s friendly relations with Israel.
The 44-day war between Azerbaijan and Armenia in 2020, gave Baku a decisive victory over Armenia. Azerbaijan reclaimed districts which border Iran and have been under control of Armenians since 1990s. Azerbaijan’s heavy taxation policy on Iranian trucks carrying good to Armenia, regaining a critical trade route linking Iran and Armenia has led to disruption in Iranian trade and access to Armenian market which has been condemned by Tehran.
The close proximity between Baku and Tel Aviv further irks Tehran. Israel has always been a national security threat to Iran. The decade long policy of Azerbaijan of not having a diplomatic mission in Jewish state was permutated when Baku approved the opening of the Israel embassy in Azerbaijan. According to Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Israel is the second largest arms supplier to Azerbaijan from 2011 to 2020. Iran has accused Israel for its attacks on nuclear facilities and has always considered the latter as its arch nemesis.
The straining relationship between Iran and Azerbaijan have brought the bilateral relations to a new low and can put regional projects at stake. This poses complications for the larger Caucasus region, which is important to Russia, Turkey and the West.
As the world grapples with the dangers of global terrorism in the form of terrorist organizations like Al Qaeda and Islamic State, one militant group has garnered attention for its brutal and hostile ways in the state of Nigeria. Here, we are talking about Boko Haram, an extremist radical group that has been termed one of the deadliest terrorist organizations by the Global Terrorism Index in the transnational arena. The group has received a lot of coverage since 2009 due to its large-scale and relentless violent attacks on local police, military, political and religious groups, and its indiscriminate killing of civilians. The insurgency has massacred more than 32,000 people, 3,00,000 children, and displaced 2.3 million civilians from their homes, speaking of the somber circumstance threatening the political integrity and sovereignty of Nigeria. In this article, we will be investigating the rise of Boko Haram, from the genesis of the group to its current disposition as a militant organization. Further, there will be an exploration of the influence and current activities of Boko Haram.
The inception of the militant jihadist group took place in 2003 when war was waged against the Nigerian government under the leadership of Muhammad Ali, a Nigerian who had fought alongside the mujahideen in Afghanistan. This small group mainly comprised of youth coming from wealthy families, fighting against the corrupt government, and wanting to establish an Islamic state run according to the sharia laws. The group withdrew from Maiduguri to the Yobe state in the northeast of the country. From here, the militants launched attacks on government buildings and police stations in different areas in the Yobe state. In December 2003, the group engaged in a fight with the local police over fishing rights in a pond. This fight escalated into a violent showdown where close to 70 members of the group were killed including Muhammad Ali. This group garnered attention from the Nigerian media for its open defiance against the state and its sensational name- Nigerian Taliban.
The survivors of the attack returned back to Maiduguri and joined Mohammad Yusuf, who had just returned back from his exile. The group identified themselves with a new name ‘Boko Haram’ colloquially translating to ‘Westernisation is Forbidden’. The ideology rejected, democracy, secularism, and western education and westernization. The organization’s objective was to fight against the corrupt, inefficient, and unjust Nigerian government. In an interview with BBC Hausa language service, the organization’s leader Mohammad Yusuf stated western education must be replaced with Islamic education and that all those who oppose it must be killed. Further, there was a threat of converting all the non-Muslims to Muslims. Boko Haram wanted to establish a fundamentalist Islamic state and regarded the current government as illegitimate. It sought to purify the practice of Islam and remove what it sees as west-inspired corruption and immortality.
According to observers, the rise of Boko Haram is a consequence of the government’s incompetency to address corruption, unemployment, and growing income disparities between the poor north inhabited by Muslims and the rich south with a majority population of Christians. These disparities lead to anger among the public, especially in the north and northeast areas of the country. The jihadist group took advantage of this predicament by tapping into local grievances and offering people a higher sense of purpose driven by religious beliefs. This jihadist movement was the boiling point for the rising inequality and neglected poverty-stricken population of the north. The group steadily expanded into other regions- Yobe, Bauchi, and Niger under the leadership of Yusuf. Many experts referred to how the organization had created a state within a state in the provinces that were controlled by them.
The year 2009, turned out to be a flashpoint for Boko Haram as an armed conflict took place between the organization and the security forces. The long-standing contestation achieved its climax as the militants were traveling to the funeral of a fellow member and the group was stopped on the highway by the police to enforce a tightened restriction on motorcycle helmets. This led to a heated confrontation between the two parties. The argument instigated an altercation as the men refused to comply with the demands, angered the police shot and wounded several men. This incident led to a violent crackdown by the police on the organization and more than 1000 people were killed with 800 alone only in Maiduguri. The clash continued for 5 days where initially the organization members were roaming the streets independently, killing civilians indiscriminately and fighting the police. The police finally took control of the city and were on a killing spree, multiple people were queued up and shot including Mohammed Yusuf. The police however denied the allegations of executing Yusuf, rather stating that he was shot while trying to escape.
This violent upsurge and the extrajudicial killing of Yusuf by the armed forces ignited a desire for vengeance in the terrorist organization which has gone underground. A year later, the new leader Abubakar Shekau in a video vowed to avenge the death of Yusuf. After the re-emergence of the group, there was a noticeable change in the strategies, mimicking the sophisticated tactics of Al Qaeda. The group refashioned its methods by organizing lethal and continuous attacks in the country. The brutal tactics of the regime included suicide bombing, mass killings, and mass abductions of particularly women and children. The organization’s first high scale attack was in September 2010, when the members attacked a prison in Bauchi and freed 700 prison inmates out of which 150 belonged to the group. A guerrilla war had been waged, where the terrorists assassinated many politicians, and police personnel, and robbed banks. Attacks by Boko Haram became more frequent and more severe, causing numerous fatalities and injuries. Many of the attacks took place in the northeast, north-central, and central states of Nigeria, with a particular emphasis on police, military, and government targets as well as Christian churches and schools and Muslims who held opposing views.
Subsequently, multiple attacks took place, which brought the organization into the eyes of the international audience. In august 2011, a bomb exploded at a United Nations building in Abuja which maimed 100 people and killed 25 others. Boko Haram kept up its relentless attacks and initiated coordinated assaults on police installations in Kano on January 20, 2012 which killed 185 people. Further, in an attack in February, Boko Haram destroyed more than 12 schools in Maiduguri which pushed 10,000 students out of formal education. Two churches in Kaduna were destroyed by a suicide bomber on April 8, which was Easter and resulted in the deaths of almost 40 persons. Further, the group murdered more than 60 boys at the Federal government college in Yobe state. In 2014, the group abducted 276 female students from the town of Chibok. This move followed the pattern of the kidnapping of women in the northeast and demonstrated to the west and the Nigerian government the unlimited power of Boko Haram. Abubakar Shekau in a tape promised that these women will be exploited and sold in the markets the same way the authorities have seized and inflicted atrocities on Muslim women belonging to Boko Haram. These attacks are a small proportion of the total number of killings by the militant group.
Since 2010, Boko Haram has organized numerous attacks in Nigeria which have destabilized the country and led to countless loss of lives. The more recent attacks include the kidnapping of 110 school girls in Yobe state in 2018 and an attack on Chadian security forces which killed at least 23 soldiers and was the deadliest attack by Boko Haram inside Chad. In 2020, at least 20 people were killed and 25 others were injured when the cult stormed the Nigerian community of Gajigana, just as locals were getting ready to break their Ramadan fast. The group has been termed the deadliest terrorist group in the world which has disturbed and exterminated the lives of many. The organization has been able to carry out an average of two attacks per day since it turned violent in 2009, killing close to 11 people every day. Since 2013, the Boko Haram insurgency has primarily operated in rural regions where it has been able to confront the Nigerian military. Up until 2014, Boko Haram concentrated its attacks in north-eastern Nigeria, but mounting pressure from security forces and vigilante groups has forced the terrorist group to launch more and more attacks in Chad, Cameroon, and Niger. In Cameroon, the organization massacred more than 1000 people between 2015 and 2016. Civilians living in areas controlled by Boko Haram have spoken of the inhuman and degrading treatment that is inflicted on them by the group members. Many reports have highlighted how the women and children were subjected to ill treatment, severe beating, and starvation for days. Also, women and girls in captivity for sexually abused by the members including rape, sexual slaves, forced pregnancies, marriages, and conversions.
The organization is now also active in west African nations- Chad, Niger and Cameroon which are bordering Nigeria. A very similar pattern of assassinations, kidnapping, and suicide bombings has been noticed in these countries as well. The group has also been able to develop ties with other terror groups in Africa and other places. This highlights a global nexus of terror groups connected through common theological and ideological aspirations. According to sources the group has ties with African-based organisations- Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Somalia’s Al-Shabab, and Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. There have been reports of operational connection with AQIM with special reports detailing how fighters have been trained with Al-Qaeda in small groups. AQIM has also provided Boko Haram with useful information about making improvised explosive devices. In 2012 the UN discovered that several Boko Haram militants fought alongside Al-Qaeda-connected organizations in Mali.
In 2012, Boko Haram openly declared its support for Al-Qaeda, and even during the killing of Osama Bin-laden, US officials found letters by Abubakar Shekau to Bin-laden. Boko Haram in 2015, also openly pledged allegiance to the Islamic State. However, there exists a difference between these groups, as the methods, frequency, and magnitude of the attacks organized by Boko Haram are much more brutal and heinous. Boko Haram believes that the entire Muslim population of Nigeria is non-Muslim and therefore killing them is acceptable, whereas other groups believe that the Muslim population of Nigeria should be considered Muslims and not be attacked. The antagonizing and harsh attitude of Boko Haram toward the Muslim population is what differentiates the group from other non-state actors.
The Nigerian government’s approach up until 2015 alternated between ignoring the issue and ineffective, overbearing counterinsurgency tactics that made little distinction between Boko Haram terrorists and the populace that had to live under its rule. Between 2015 and 2017, the military campaign’s effectiveness increased, and the Nigerian government was able to recapture territory from Boko Haram, driving the organization into less populated areas. In 2021, the forces were also able to kill the leader Abubakar Shekau during one of its operations. However, the Nigerian military has had trouble successfully defending retaken territory. Attacks by Boko Haram on a smaller scale continue, exposing the dubious assertions of the Nigerian government that Boko Haram has been effectively crushed. Although the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) in the region has made significant strides against Boko Haram, people are still at risk of terrorist assaults and identity-based violence. Security personnel have allegedly violated human rights and used disproportionate force, including extrajudicial killings, against suspected ISWA and Boko Haram members during counterterrorism operations. The ruthless counterproductive measures have proven to be unadvantageous for the government as it has only further fuelled the desire to seek revenge and caused the lives of civilians.
Even though the government in the last few years has been successful in reducing the group’s capabilities, it has not been able to fully eradicate the same, posing a great threat to the integrity of the country. The insurgency continues to openly operate in the complex north and northeast regions of the country. It has further expanded into the regions of Chad, Niger, and Cameroon leading to regional instability. Several reports have backed that annually 5% of the total deaths are caused by Boko Haram in Nigeria, proving how the militancy still exists as a grave humanitarian crisis for the country. The jihadi group continues to be one of the most dangerous militancy groups in the world, whose attacks are increasing not only in frequency but also in magnitude.
The Presidents of USA and Brazil’s meeting on February 10, 2023: source Internet
For the first time, the US President Joe Biden welcomed a head of state with whom he could compare notes about experiencing a bloody uprising. As he sat with the Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in the Oval Office, Biden stated, “Both our nations’ robust democracies have been challenged lately, very much tested, and our institutions are put in risk. But democracy won out in both the United States and Brazil”. And he also welcomed the second summit of democracy to be held in March 2023. The United States and Brazil stand together in rejecting political violence and valuing our democratic institutions, he added.
The outburst in Brazil on January 08, 2023 resembled a South American version of the attack in Washington on January 06, 2021 when hundreds of Trump supporters broke into the Capitol and attempted to halt the counting of the electoral votes that confirmed Biden’s victory. The Brazilian mob, which backed former president Jair Bolsonaro, a far-right figure known as the Trump of the Tropics and a friend of Donald Trump, rampaged into government buildings in an effort to force the military to overthrow the leftist Lula. In the Oval Office on Friday, Lula criticized his predecessor in harsh words while thanking Biden for his “solidarity” throughout the crisis last month.
After four years of occasionally erratic foreign policy under Bolsonaro, Lula’s meeting with the two leaders, just 40 days into his presidency, was framed as a renewal of ties between the two biggest nations in the Western Hemisphere and demonstrated the warm reception that Brazil’s new president is receiving from leaders around the world.
They talked on how to cooperate and coordinate efforts to advance the human rights agenda on problems including social inclusion and labour rights, gender equality, racial equity and justice, and the defence of LGBTQI+ people’s rights. Additionally, they pledged to revitalise the joint action plan between the United States and Brazil to end racial and ethnic discrimination and advance equality in order to benefit both nations’ marginalised indigenous and racial, ethnic, and ethnic populations, particularly those of African origin.
Both parties emphasised their shared commitment and growing coordination to halt climate change. The protection of the Amazon rainforest was the most important topic on the agenda for their discussions, above and beyond their common experiences and opinions regarding the risks to democracy. Biden crossed his fingers as Lula reaffirmed his nation’s pledge to totally stop deforestation by 2030. They acknowledge the essential role that bilateral and multilateral cooperation between Brazil and the United States, notably within the framework of the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC, can play. They examine potential areas of collaboration, including preventing deforestation and environmental degradation, advancing the bioeconomy, accelerating the use of clean energy, stepping up adaption efforts, and encouraging low-carbon agricultural practices. The leaders also reaffirmed their commitment to eradicating hunger and poverty, boosting global food security, removing barriers to trade, fostering economic cooperation, and promoting peace and security on a global scale.
There were some differences of opinion, most notably the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Although Lula has denounced Russia’s invasion, he has previously claimed that NATO and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy may be partially to blame. Additionally, Lula has reluctant to provide Ukraine arms in an effort to uphold his neutrality. While Biden has been more sceptical of discussions in the near future given that Russian President Vladimir Putin has showed no interest in putting an end to hostilities, Lula wants to try to assist in mediating peace in the war. They expressed concern about the conflict’s consequences on the world’s food and energy security, particularly in the world’s poorest areas, and they stated support for the Black Sea Grain Initiative’s effective operation.
A results-driven strategy that benefits both countries was also highlighted as being interested in enhancing bilateral cooperation in sectors including commerce and investment, energy, health, science, technology, and innovation, defence, education and culture, and consular affairs. Recognizing the significance of supply chain resilience, particularly in light of the current state of the world, they made a commitment to continue working together in this area through targeted public-private dialogues.
All award winning Commanding Officers and Subedar Majors with Lt Gen Upendra Dwivedi, AVSM, GOC-in-C Northern Command and the Corps Commanders during the Northern Command Investiture Ceremony: source HQ Northern Command
Given below is the address of Lieutenant General Upendra Dwivedi, Ati Vishisht Seva Medal, General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Northern Command of the Indian Army on the occasion of the Northern Command Investiture Ceremony (Phase-I) held in Srinagar on February 07, 2023. In the Investiture Ceremony, awards are presented to the deserving personnel and units for their bravery and professionalism.
The Northern Command of the Indian Army is a very important operational command which is entrusted with the defence of borders with China and Pakistan apart from tackling the counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir.
The Army Commander presented Certificate of Appreciation and Unit Appreciation awards to nominated battalions deployed in Northern Command for their gallant action towards protecting territorial integrity of the nation and in carrying cut counter terrorist operations resulting in overall improvement in the security situation in J&K.
The day before the ceremony, a cultural programme was organised by the Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry Regimental Centre in Srinagar. A variety of song and dance performances by Chinar Band mesmerized the audience, which comprised of personnels from Units being awarded. Army Commander complimented the band for the enthralling performances.
The investiture ceremony witnessed an august gathering of Army personnel and many distinguished civilian personalities. The Army Commander, in his address, welcomed the distinguished guests and expressed the pride and honour that he felt in “sharing the moment of distinction and glory with our gallant awardees”. He further extended his compliments to the battalions for their inspiring acts in the highest traditions of the Indian Army. Speaking on the occasion, the Army Commander Commended all ranks of Northern Command for their dedication and devotion to duty in the highest traditions of the Indian Army. He also conveyed his heartfelt gratitude to the brave men who made the supreme sacrifice while facing adverse situations. The General Officer also brought out that the ‘Whole of Nation Approach’ has led to the progressive improvement in the security situation in J&K and Ladakh.
The Army Commander further added that Northern Command is in a high state of readiness to face the constantly evolving threats and challenges. He assured the Nation that the Northern Command is prepared to meet all challenges posed by multiple threats from volatile adversaries. He emphasised upon the ‘Whole of Nation Approach’ to meet the challenges and thus reposed full faith in the support forthcoming from the Union Government and the nation at large.
In the end General Dwivedi expressed his gratitude to the people of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, the civil administration and the media for their unstinted support and wished for peace and contentment for the people of this region.
Commanding Officer and Subedar Major of the 9th Battalion, The Kumaon Regiment receiving the Unit Citation from the Army Commander during the Northern Command Investiture Ceremony: source HQ Northern Command
The text of the speech of the Army Commander is given below –
At the time of the earthquake in Turkey, we stand with the affected people. Indian Armed Forces have extended their support for the earthquake victims.
I extend my warm greetings and welcome to all Commanding Officers, Subedar Majors, JCOs, brave soldiers, ladies and gentlemen & friends from the media to the Northern Command Investiture Ceremony.
It is a matter of immense honour for me to be presiding over the first segment of the Investiture Ceremony at Srinagar. This event is to commend the inspirational acts of bravery, commitment and sacrifice, in the true traditions of Indian Army, by selected units of Northern Command which has contributed to stability along the LC and LAC.
I begin by assuring everyone that Northern Command is in a high state of readiness and morale, to face constantly evolving threats and challenges. The security situation in Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh poses many challenges in terrain and operational dynamics, especially from different adversaries along the Northern and Western Borders. We are committed to defending India’s sovereignty and territorial integrity while upholding the democratic traditions of the Nation. We are maintaining a constant vigil, monitoring all developments and will take all necessary steps to protect our National Interests. Indian Army is prepared to meet any challenges in the future and will always work for the betterment of the people of the Region. The last two years have brought to the fore newer challenges in the wake of abrogation of Article 370, the Galwan conflict and multiple waves of COVID-19. These challenges have only served to strengthen our resolve to be steadfast and determined in our commitment.
The situation along the LC has remained stable and the Cease Fire Understanding continues to sustain. A very strict vigil and a robust technology enabled multi-tiered counter infiltration grid is being maintained, to thwart any attempts at infiltration. CF violations, infiltration bids or any other misadventure attempted by the adversary will be dealt with firmly. Numerous infiltration bids have been foiled in the last year. The highest standards of professionalism and jointness displayed by the troops in all dimensions of Counter Terror Operations has nullified/ limited the kinetic threat.
Kashmir has witnessed a concerning rise in narco-terrorism, as Pakistan is now using this as a new tool in its proxy war. Of late, a dual strategy of sending across drugs as well as weapons through drones is being employed to keep the fire burning in an attempt to disrupt the social fabric. The cross-border smuggling of narcotics provides a succor to terrorism. The Security Forces are alive to this trend and have already initiated counter drone measures to curb the menace.
Our focus continues to reinforce our intelligence setup by synergising with all stakeholders & sister agencies, to usher in peace and undertake developmental activities. The overall situation is progressively improving and a positive and conducive environment for accelerating the developmental initiatives of the government has been created. The dividends of peace and stability are reaching people in far flung areas and they are participating wholeheartedly to preserve and sustain this peace.
On the LAC, our response to Chinese attempts to unilaterally change the status quo was a swift, undaunted and synergised action by the Indian Armed Forces. Any adverse aggressive designs or attempts will definitely be met with appropriate posturing of Forces and a strong intent with complete synergy amongst the three services. Measures to resolve the LAC situation at diplomatic and operational levels are also simultaneously underway. I assure you that the LAC in Eastern Ladakh is being dominated by physical patrolling and through technical means and our territorial integrity is being ensured. Restoration of peace and tranquility to enable progress in bilateral relations has been and will remain our constant endeavour.
Progressive initiatives for coordination and synergy with paramilitary forces such as the ITBP and BSF have also borne the desired results. Coordination training, exercises and operational tasks are being undertaken jointly to streamline procedures and enhance our ability to robustly defend our borders. As a consequence, all patrolling, along the LAC is now joint and integrated.
In line with the ‘Nari Shakti’ initiative, Northern Command has taken lead in efforts to empower women. Recently, the first woman officer was deployed on Siachen Glacier and has now become a source of inspiration for all of us.
The Government has been extremely supportive in ensuring the availability of best weapon systems, equipment and clothing to our troops, who are braving extreme weather and hostile conditions. I am very happy to inform you that Indian Armed Forces have accelerated the achievement of goal of a “Self-Reliant India”. I wish to state that ‘Modernisation through Indigenisation’ is our mantra and recent efforts in this direction such as ‘Techno Commanders Seminar’ or the ‘North Tech Symposium’ are steps towards enabling us to prepare for all challenges and adopting technology in an efficient manner. Induction of indigenous modern weapons and equipment enhances our combat capability tremendously. Several weapons and equipment have been inducted through ‘Hand Holding’ in the ‘Made-in-India’ sector. We have enhanced our firepower through the induction of K9 VAJRA and DHANUSH artillery gun systems; while improvement in mobility has been affected by the arrival of IPMV, QRFV and LCA Patrolling boats. Surveillance resources have been enhanced.
Infrastructure Development and Logistics are important components of our Operational Preparedness. We have made significant improvement in this regard through our combined efforts with the local administration and other agencies. Over the last three years, infrastructure worth about Rs 1500 Crores has been created to cater for the billeting of new raisings units and accretional forces, that are deployed every year for the safety of our borders. Additionally, more than 800 Kms of new roads have been constructed in line with the GATISHAKTI Initiative at the National level thereby alleviating the remoteness of this region.
Special clothing in seven layers and mountaineering equipment are being indigenized to increase the capability of soldiers in HAA. The study of Intermittent Oxygen Inhalation, has been initiated with an aim to improve the overall health conditions in acclimatization of combat soldiers, deployed for more than one year in HAA.
Pan-India Project of Network for Spectrum has reached completion in last one year and approximately 57% of this project is rolled out in the UTs of Jammu- Kashmir and Ladakh. Apart from infusion of hi-tech and expertise, it has resulted in employment opportunities for technicians, civil contractors, labourers, engineers and support staff from the remote areas on both temporary and permanent basis. The Army has in conjunction with the Ministry of Communication identified 144 villages in remote areas of Ladakh and Jammu-Kashmir for installation of 4G/ 5G towers. Assistance in terms of sharing tower space and support infrastructure is being provided to telecom service providers, so that this critical facility reaches population residing in remote border villages.
Besides the operational challenges on the LAC, LC and Hinterland, we remain committed to providing succor in times of natural disasters such as landslides, COVID and other natural calamities. I also take this opportunity to laud the efforts of the COVID warriors whose relentless efforts have kept us protected in these testing times. Needless to say, that “there is nothing nobler than reaching out and alleviating the lives of people”. On an annual basis, over 250 medical and 100 veterinary camps are conducted in the remotest areas of the UTs, which benefit thousands of lives and livestock. We are encouraging and facilitating graziers to move to their traditional grazing areas in Eastern Ladakh including those located close to the LAC.
Op SADBHAVANA has bridged the gap between the Armed Forces and the Awam resulting in a better Civil-Military integration and coordination. This has been achieved through well-orchestrated developmental works in conjunction with civil administration and assisting grassroot level development activities in far flung areas. A participative approach by all stakeholders combined with integration of all agencies to enhance development, improved educational facilities and employment opportunities for the youth will result in fulfilling the aspirations of the people.
Northern Command manages 43 AGS {26,125 students passed out so far, 55 MBBS, 21 BDS, 32 Engg (IIT/IIIT), 172 Pvt Engg Colleges, 88 NIT}, have introduced programs such as Super 50 Medical and Engineering (241 selected), provided educational scholarships to 1800 students and part\y funded higher education in universities and institutes outside J&K. We have established a network of skill development centers (beneficiaries 31,000), enabling youth to upgrade their skills on entrepreneurship, employment generation schemes. Sports activities (2100 events 94,000 participants) and competitions coupled with cultural activities form the core of creative youth engagement. Women empowerment efforts are embedded in almost all initiatives and girls are showing encouraging signs of benefitting from these.
A unique initiative namely SAHI RAASTA, in collaboration with the UT Government has enabled structured rehabilitation programmes for about 150 youth and prevented them from being influenced by radical elements and being recruited by terrorist groups.
Northern Command Green Energy Initiatives have resulted in 12,300 Kg/Hr reduction of carbon footprint in the last year. Active participation in saving the environment from pollution is been ensured. In the past years, about 8 MW solar power projects have been installed and 54 Solar Energy Project is in progress, thus generating 11,600 KW of Renewable Energy. Hydrogen Energy Project is being planned in collaboration with NTPC. Under Mission Amrit Sarovar (an Indian Army initiative to rejuvenate upto 450 ponds Pan-India by 15 August 2023) in Northern Command 75 lakes are being developed, while over one lakh trees have been planted as part of the Green India Initiative. Carbon Neutral Habitats for troops in High Altitude is a pioneer effort undertaken by Northern Command and is a first in the Indian Army.
The ubiquitous presence of Security Forces in the UTs ensures significant annual contribution to the local economy (through personal purchases and expenditure through various funds). Some prominent sources of revenue generation, as also livelihood is through agricultural & dairy produce, transport contracts, construction activities and hiring of Porters & Ponies.
We are proud to have created the required security condition for the successful resumption and conduct of the Sri Amarnath and Sri Machal Mata Yatras. Our committed approach to security has provided an opportunity for thousands of people across the Country and the UT of Jammu-Kashmir to visit the holy Shrine.
During the Cloud Burst calamity of Sri Amarnath Yatra, medical support was provided to the needy through creation of two 15 bedded hospitals and 10 Medical Aid Posts consisting 25 medical officers and 250 paramedical staff. The medical relief operations ensured treatment of thousands of patients including timely evacuations by road and air. We have on numerous occasions come to the rescue of tourists, stranded & affected, by the vagaries of harsh weather and terrain.
We are now working concertedly with UT Government of Ladakh to facilitate tourism in the border areas and encouraging of the immense potential that this beautiful part of the country possesses.
I also take this occasion as an opportunity to exhort all ranks of Northern Command to be prepared for variety of challenges on the internal and external security front. I wish to reiterate that “Our Flag does not fly because of the winds that move it; it flies with the last breath of soldiers who have sacrificed themselves protecting it”. The Nation looks up to us in times of crisis and we have to live up to the hopes and trust reposed on us by our countrymen. I urge the involvement and cooperation of all stakeholders in implementing the new dynamic “Agnipath Scheme” and in guiding the “Agniveers” for performing to their optimum potential.
Being an important pillar of Comprehensive National Power of the Nation, it is the responsibility of the Indian Army that we should always be prepared. It is imperative that Northern Command remains fully aligned and integrated with national goals and objectives and in doing so it is committed to achieve jointness and integration with our sister services the IAF and IN. We must ensure that from the security point of view there should be no hindrance in the Nation Building Process.
The lessons from the ongoing Russia-Ukraine War have brought forth many lessons such as the employment of Disruptive and Dual Use Technologies. Information Warfare, Cyber and Space have emerged as new domains of warfare. Gray Zone Warfare in both the Kinetic and Non-Kinetic domains is a challenge and we have adapted well to the ambiguities associated with these strategies. It is essential that we equip ourselves, progressively factor and consider these peculiarities to facilitate better and more effective war fighting.
On this momentous occasion, I also wish to express my gratitude to the people of Jammu and
Kashmir and Ladakh, the civil administration and the media for their unstinted support. I reiterate that a participative approach by all stakeholders will allow us to address the daunting challenges that we face in front of us. We wish a brighter future for all.
In the end, I pray to almighty for peace and contentment for the people of this region. The ‘Whole of Nation’ approach had resulted in a progressive improvement in the security situation in Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh. The extraordinary zeal and motivation among all ranks reassures me that the security of our borders is in safe and assured hands.
India has a distinctive personality as a geographical entity. Its borders are shared by countries that range widely in size, power, and resources—Afghanistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, the Maldives, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. India is continuously struggling to establish steady and solid ties with its neighbors. Atal Bihari Vajpayee had once famously said, ‘You can change your friends but not neighbors. Creating strong connections between India’s domestic aspirations and its foreign policy goals is essential if it is to play a significant role in the new multipolar international politics.
FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIA’S NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY
Improving relations with neighbors is a top priority since the development objective in South Asia can only be realized with peace and tranquility in the region. India’s “neighborhood first” policy actively strengthens ties with its close neighbors.
Dialogue: It focuses on active regional diplomacy by interacting with neighbors and fostering political ties through conversation. The first step in this strategy was to invite all heads of state from SAARC nations to the Prime Minister’s oath-taking ceremony in 2014.
The focus is on reaching a mutually agreeable solution to bilateral disagreements. For instance, a deal was made by Bangladesh and India to put into effect the historic Land Boundary Agreement (LBA).
Connectivity: The goal of the “Kathmandu Declaration” which was adopted in 2014 at the conclusion of the 18th SAARC summit held in Kathmandu, Nepal, was to hasten regional development and collaboration. It was decided that it was time to “revitalize” SAARC and turn the group into a powerful tool for achieving the objectives of development. This proclamation was a result of the South Asian nations’ growing desire to work together and advance as a region and strengthen peace, stability, and prosperity.
Cooperation on the economy: This focuses on fostering trade relations with neighbors. The Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) grouping for energy development, including the management of waterpower and inter grid connectivity, is one example of this.
The policy placed a strong emphasis on technical cooperation. Recently, a SAARC-specific satellite was created to bring the benefits of technology, such as telemedicine and e-learning, to people all over South Asia.
Disaster management: India offers assistance to all South Asian citizens in the areas of disaster response, resource management, weather forecasting, communication, and capabilities and knowledge in disaster management. For instance, India generously helped its neighbor Nepal recover from the 2016 earthquake.
Defense and military cooperation: India is putting a lot of effort towards enhancing regional security through military cooperation. Several exercises, such as Surya Kiran with Nepal and Sampriti with Bangladesh, seek to improve defense ties.
Gujral Doctrine Implementation: India’s neighborhood policy should be based on the principles of the Gujral Doctrine. This would ensure that India’s stature and strength are not divorced from the quality of its relations with its neighbors and that regional growth can occur.
Policy Non-interference and Dealing with Big Brother: The size of India influences how our neighbors perceive India and its policies. India accounts for a significant portion of South Asia’s land area, population, economic activity, and resources. As a result, India and its neighbors must be mindful of their neighbors’ discomfort at dealing with a large neighbor and adhere to a policy of non-interference in domestic affairs.
Panchsheel, also known as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, was signed in 1954 and served as the foundation for India’s bilateral relations with other countries.
MAJOR ISSUES BETWEEN INDIA AND NEPAL
India’s involvement with Nepal has been guided by its “Neighborhood First” and “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” policies. India’s primary goal in this regard has been to support Nepal at times of adversity, like providing aid and grants for infrastructure development, human security, etc.
Strong historical linkages in terms of religion, culture, and politics exist between India and Nepal. Both nations shared civilizational and cultural ties that have been created via marriage, family, and other familial relations.
Status of the Indo-Nepal Border
The Sugauli Treaty was ratified in 1816, and soon after that, the border between India and Nepal was marked out. When negotiations for a new border treaty with British India began on November 1, 1860, and were finally completed in 1885, the job of demarcation was further intensified. It is often referred to as the area between Mechi and Mahakali rivers. However, as the delineation and demarcation of the entire border area still need to be finished, there remains a disagreement regarding the border between the two countries in various locations and across various regions. India has stationed its paramilitary force along the border with Nepal. Similarly, the Nepali government has stationed the Armed Police Force in 20 Terai districts since March 2007 to help secure the country’s borders and stop money from leaking out.
Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh and Kalapani
The bilateral Treaty of Peace and Friendship governs the 1800 km of the open international border that the two nations share. According to The Treaty of Sugauli, Nepal historically owned the region between Kalapani and Limpiyadhura, located east of the Kali river. India, however, has purposefully interpreted the Kali River’s origin to assert its ownership of Nepal’s lands in the Kalapani-Limpiyadhura region, including the Lipu Lekh region. Nepal and India established a Joint Technical Committee in 1981 to settle the conflict.
On May 8, 2020, when Indian Defense Minister Rajnath Singh opened the 80-kilometer road to Mansarovar—part of which is constructed on Nepal’s land in the Lipu Lekh area—the border tension erupted once more. Since the origin of the Limpiyadhura is marked on maps created by Indian surveys in 1850 and 1856 as being 16 kilometers northwest of Kalapani, Nepal claims ownership of the Kalapnai. However, India rejects it as proof. They claim that the 1875 Indian Map should be taken into consideration.
Susta
Another area that Nepal and India disagree over is Susta. It is currently governed by India and is a part of the province of Bihar. Residents of a village in Susta claim that Susta is Nepali territory and that they are citizens of Nepal. The Gandaki River was designated as India and Nepal’s international border by the Sugauli Treaty of 1816. While India controlled the left bank of the Gandaki River, Nepal controlled its right bank. Susta village, a part of Nepal at the time the treaty was signed, was initially on the right side. Susta migrated to the left bank and is now under Indian jurisdiction due to the Gandaki river’s alteration over the course of time. Susta is Nepali territory, according to the government of Nepal, and the Indian government should give it back. Since the border was established, the Gandaki river’s channel has changed on the Indian side of the river and further intensified tensions.
Border issues in other various Regions
Mechi River, the Antu Hill region, Ramnagar, the northern face of Chure Mountain, the southern front of the jungle, etc., are considered to be the original dispute border locations. Kalapani, Limpiyahura, Susta, Mechi, and Tanakpur are some of the central regions of contention. These disagreements have become more frequent in the last ten years. India’s deforestation of Nepal’s four-sided jungle and India’s encroachment on Nepal’s territory created problems. Mechi is the second contentious issue that is frequently brought up. The Mechi border dispute was brought on by India’s opposition to utilizing the “Junge pillars” as the primary boundary pillars. Disputed border areas like Susta, Arra, Nala, Tal Bangonde, etc., need more boundary pillars. The number of border disputes is quickly rising. In 26 districts, Nepal and India share a border, and there are 54 locations in Nepal where there is a border issue. Over 60,000 acres of Nepalese land have reportedly been invaded by Indian territory.
These pillars are marked as the primary boundary pillars on the British India map that was released shortly after the Sauguli Treaty, and it is apparent from history that the British built these pillars as markers for the Nepal–India border. India, meanwhile, continues to contest that these pillars serve as the border.
Nepali Citizenship Act of 2020 and its Impact on India
Both nations have a ROTI-BETI relationship, and this shows that Both nations have deep people-to-people ties. In 1952, the Nepal Citizenship Act was passed, allowing the citizens of India to take up citizenship of Nepal with much ease. The Indian Women hailing from Uttrakhand, Sikkim, UP, and Bihar have a long tradition of marital ties with the people of Nepal. After marriage, when the Indian woman renounces her Indian citizenship, she would automatically acquires Nepali citizenship. But under new law now, women would have to wait for seven years before acquiring Nepali citizenship. This further deteriorated their relationship.
India and Nepal and the Madhesi Problem
Nepal is governed according to the Constitution of Nepal, which was enacted on September 20, 2015, replacing the Interim Constitution of 2007. Nepal has alleged that India did not “welcome” the new constitution. The Indian government said that the constitution of Nepal was not based on collective ownership because, in the new constitution, Madhesis and Tharus were left out. Only the Pahadis have the dominant role in the new constitution. The new constitution does not have equal representation of all groups in Parliament. In the new constitution, Article 84, which talks of representation, have dropped the points related to Madhesis. Citizenship issues are also at the forefront. Many Madhesis have citizenship by birth, but per the new constitution, Article 282 mandates that posts of President and PM of Nepal are reserved exclusively for those with citizenship by descent.
Nepal tilts toward China
Recently, China has been seen as more “functional” than Nepal. A new government headed by Pushpa Kamal Dahal initially operated on the same tenet. The much-anticipated Gyorong-Kathmandu train project’s final survey has also started as of January 1, 2023, and the border crossing at Rasuwagadhi, which had been closed for three years, has been reopened for two-way trade. It is also predicted that the second phase of the 10-lane ring road project from Kalanki to Chabhil will begin soon. Under Beijing’s BRI, China and Nepal have signed a six-point agreement to increase bilateral cooperation and exchanges on governance, law, and oversight practices. At the beginning of 2019, Nepal proposed nine future projects that may be carried out under the BRI. These included constructing new roads, tunnels, and dams to generate power and determining the viability of creating a trans-Himalayan railway that would link Keyrung, a Chinese port of entry, with Kathmandu.
Additionally, China is constructing a border river crossing at Hilsa, Humla, investigating the possibility of finding gas and oil resources there. It will create a new area of mutually beneficial partnership. Several road, sea, and corridor networks are worldwide under BRI and the Trans-Himalayan multi-dimensional Connectivity Network. This would turn Nepal from a landlocked to a land-linked country. India did not like China’s engagement in Nepal.
CURRENT STATUS OF INDIA AND NEPAL RELATIONS
The friendship between India and Nepal has survived various difficult periods, and turbulences have occurred in recent years. In a few years, it has become usual practice for some Nepali leaders to use India as a political punching bag at home. Nevertheless, it did damage India-Nepal relations to some extent.
When KP Sharma Oli became Nepal’s prime minister in 2018, problems with the two countries’ relations started to surface. The Oli government stated that it had a strong affinity for China and wasn’t afraid to bring up controversial matters like the whereabouts of Lord Ram’s birth and territory conflicts in Limpiyadhura, Kalapani, and Lipulekh. Even further, the former prime minister called the coronavirus the “Indian virus” and accused India of spreading it to Nepal.
Analysts contend that this anti-Indian sentiment is often encouraged by China and reflects Nepal’s domestic political unrest. Many people think the Oli government’s campaign to demonize India aimed to distract the public from the chaotic situation in Nepal’s political circles since his position in the coalition government was shaky. Nevertheless, relations improved as Sher Bahadur Deuba became Nepal’s new prime minister. Traveling to Lumbini, the birthplace of Gautama Buddha, on Buddha Purnima this year reached a turning point. This outreach by the Indian Head of Government not only demonstrated to the two neighbors how highly cherished our shared culture is but also demonstrated the significance and attention placed on mending the relationships at the highest levels.
The combined India-Nepal intentions to incorporate Lumbini in the Buddhist circuit being marketed by Indian tour companies came along with this visit. This would be in addition to the plan to construct the Ramayan Circuit, which connects several locations in the two neighboring nations. The relationship was further strengthened when the Indian prime minister laid the cornerstone for an Indian monastery. Not only were agreements on infrastructure and other fronts made visible, but also soft power links.
The comment made by Prime Minister Modi that bilateral relations between India and Nepal are “as stable as the Himalayas” demonstrated that the initial difficulties in relations between the two nations have now mostly been resolved. Recently, on the 74th Republic Day, Indian Ambassador Srivastava stated that the exchange of high-level visits from both nations had given relations between India and Nepal a new dimension.
The conclusion of the most recent general elections in Nepal and the swearing-in of “Prachanda” as the country’s new prime minister on December 25, 2022, could signal the beginning of a new chapter in India-Nepal relations that will strengthen the political, economic, and cultural ties between the two neighbors.
CONCRETE MEASURES TO IMPROVE INDIA AND NEPAL RELATIONS
On how to resolve border issues, various people have different perspectives. Based on the document, the border conflicts between the two bordering countries should be resolved. They might use third-world nations as mediators in the conflict. Based information may be verified using satellite imagery, identifying changes in the river’s course. Consequently, we can determine where the river was precise during the treaty.
It is possible to measure the area scientifically using the Global Positioning System. The control point’s image should be taken using a UAV, so we can still find the control point if it is lost or destroyed. On border sites, periodic monitoring and surveying are required. The border should be made known to the local population. The public should pressure the government to carry out the accords and agreements. In the border region, security forces should be established—elimination of all residents in no-man’s-land zones. The country should be prepared to request assistance from the United Nations Organization. We must turn to an international court if the issue is ultimately unsolvable.
China has had a history of involvement in Nepal. India’s ability to effectively compete with China to defend its interests and preserve its sphere of influence will depend on New Delhi’s ability to challenge China generally and on India’s political resolve to handle its problematic policies regarding Nepal. Nepal can’t escape its reliance on India. India is and will remain crucial to the country in many ways. However, Nepal is committed to taking advantage of cooperation chances with foreign partners, notably China; thus, such a policy is doomed to failure. China is influencing Nepali society for the better by giving generously and strategically. Therefore, India should move away from its traditional security perspective and take the initiative with creative methods and policies.
To mend their relationship, the most significant milestone is the inauguration of train operations on the Jaynagar-Kurtha Section of the Jaynagar-Bardibas rail link by Shri Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India, and Shri Sher Bahadur Deuba, Prime Minister of Nepal on April 2, 2022, which is Nepal’s first cross-border broad-gauge rail project. In the energy sector, the collaboration that began with Trishuli Hydropower Projects, Pokhara Hydropower Projects, Kataiya Power House, and Devigh at Hydro-eclectic project has progressed with the commissioning of the Motihari-Amlekhgunj Petroleum Pipeline, the region’s first cross-border petroleum product pipeline. A major project currently underway is the construction of Nepal’s National Police Academy, for which the ground-breaking ceremony was co-performed by Shri Naveen Srivastava, Ambassador of India to Nepal, and Mr. Bal Krishna Khand, Home Minister of the Government of Nepal. HICDPs, formerly known as Small Development Projects (SDPs), are another important portfolio of development partnerships to repair their relationship. In order to mend their relationship, Kathmandu University, and IIT Madras developed a collaborative degree program in education.
Conclusion
India is working to rebuild its reputation, image, and power in the region by constructively interacting with its neighbors. India’s capacity to overcome obstacles will determine whether commitments are kept and ties with its neighbors are maintained. India can gain the trust of its neighbors by utilizing its soft power, alternative regional agreements, and new integration chances like education and culture.
The People’s Republic of China has risen to a tremendous economic development in the past decade. The country is now focusing on enhancing its global outreach through a series of projects such as China’s pioneering Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Chinese President Xi Jinping had put forth the One Belt One Road (OBOR) project in 2013 to build a line of communication through railways, roadways, power grids and maritime ports etc. that run through the Europe and Asia. In that frame, Xinjiang region becomes strategically important for China as it serves as the junction between China, Middle East and Central Asian nations; and is developing as the trade hub between these geopolitical powers. Chinese government is eager to maintain its power and position over the Xinjiang region to facilitate its ambitious westward march.
Xinjiang was earlier known as East Turkestan or East Turkistan and has been part of People’s Republic of China since 1949. In 1954, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) was established to promote local economy by settling retired soldiers in this region.
With about 1.6 million square kilometers area and more than 25 million inhabitants, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR) or Xinjiang is largest province-level division of the country. Xinjiang is located on the northwest side of China and connects the country to the East Asia and Central Asia. Xinjiang shares its borders with countries like Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. The autonomous region is a vast landscape of deserts and mountains, however, only 9.7% of Xinjiang’s area is suitable for human settlement. The region is known for its richness in natural resources and cultural diversity. It is home to various ethnic groups including the Turkic Uyghur people, Mongols, Kazakhs, Russians, Han Chinese, and Tibetans etc.
Xinjiang, due to its strategic position and geographic advantage, has always been looked as a prized possession. The area has around 2,500 years of recorded history and has been the part of many powerful dynasties. Under the rule of Han Dynasty, the area served a very important purpose. The empire had established many profitable routes for the historic Silk Road and the most well-known route of the Silk Road passed through the region from its east borders to the northwestern borders. Xinjiang region is regarded as an important political buffer zone and its stability is necessary for the success of China’s Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB).
Historical Significance and the Xinjiang Conflict
Xinjiang has been a region of contest throughout the history. Many parts of the area has been controlled by the Han dynasty, Turkic Muslim rulers, Qing dynasty and many other Chinese, Muslim and Asian powers. The region was a gateway for the western world and served as a trade market. Xinjiang also shared the cultural, historical and ethnic links with Central Asia. It contained the major route of the historic Silk Road running through it. The present demographic of Xinjiang can be attributed to the “settler colonialism” strategy of the Qing dynasty. The rulers from the Qing hierarchy, towards the end of the rule, focused on colonizing Xinjiang and facilitated the settlement of Han Chinese community on the frontier. The similar policy was followed by People’s Republic of China after the establishment of of Xinjiang Ugyur Autonomous Region in 1955.
Chinese state under the rule of Mao, orchestrated a mass migration of millions of Han Chinese to settle in Xinjiang. Between 1950s and 1970s the population of Han Chinese in the region rose from 7 percent to about 40 percent. Presently, the more educated Han Chinese community forms the majority group in the industrialized capital city of Ürümqi consisting of 75 percent of its 2.3 million population. Uygur community in the capital is about 12.8 percent large and other ethnic groups form about 10 percent of the population. The economically poor region has been facing several separatist conflicts since past several years. The 2009 incident of the communal clash between Uyghur and Han Chinese in Ürümqi, leading to the death of hundreds of people, was one of the major incidents of unrest between the local communities of the autonomous region. The ongoing tensions in the area are primarily the aftermath of the Chinese policy of strict unity, harsh response to separatism, lack of administration, local communal elements and suppression of various religious expressions of Uygur Muslims. Lately Chinese Communist Party has resorted to the mass surveillance and indoctrination of ethnic minorities in the region.
Economical and Geostrategic Importance of Xinjiang
Xinjiang is the energy powerhouse of People’s Republic of China. The region has second largest solar, wind and hydropower resources in the country. The region provides an essential support to China towards its power strategy. It is known as the hub of rare earth minerals like tungsten, molybdenum, iron, zinc, copper, chromium, and nickel. Xinjiang is also rich in hydrocarbons, oils and gas. The autonomous region serves as a prudent fulcrum for China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which aims to connect Asia and Europe while also extending the Chinese influence on world sphere. Four out of six major routes of Belt and Road Initiative pass through the region of Xinjiang. Most of the western China along with the Xinjiang autonomous region is impoverished and rural. The communities live with the most basic facilities and are more prone to ideological whitewashing. Chinese government under the Jinping administration aims to develop the Xinjiang region as a Special Economic Zone (SEZ), as to facilitate its economic and administrative upliftment. The leadership is working for the urbanization of the autonomous area to foster modern values in the ethnic communities and eliminate poverty.
Xinjiang along with Mongolia and Tibet has served as a political buffer for the Chinese peninsula. The large cold mountains provide a natural barrier for invaders and foreign tensions since ancient times. Three of the major airbases- Hotan, Kashgar and Ngari Gunsa- are located in the region. Being in the centre of Asia, the Xinjiang autonomous region provides China with the ability to extend its influence in the whole neighborhood from South Asian countries like India and Pakistan to Central Asia and Russia. The region has also helped China to extend its communication network up to Europe.
The region was majorly affected by the communal elements from the erstwhile Soviet Union after the “Cultural Revolution” of 1949. The majority population of Uygur Muslims was subjected to strict religious restrictions. Mosques were closed and religious teachings were prohibited leading to massive protests from the ethnic minorities and an urge to liberate Xinjiang. China has since emphasized on the Sinicization of the Xinjiang in order to hold its firm control over a very important trade hub and military point.
The way ahead for Xinjiang
China has risen to power mainly after the collapse of Soviet Union. With its rigorous policy structures, the country has managed to become the biggest Asian and second biggest world economy. Its influence in the world has grown on an impressive scale. China and its administration under Xi Jinping has successfully propagated the “Go West” program through their impressive network of railways, roadways and maritime ports to achieve the goal of being a bigger global power. However, a comprehensive territorial integrity and prosperity in the country still has to be the immediate priority for the leadership. As to achieve a firm foreign policy, a sound domestic policy should be formed and implemented.
People’s Republic of China has been promoting the leap frog development in Xinjiang to strengthen its Great Western Developmental Program. The prosperity and stability of the autonomous region is in overall interest of China as the region provides an access to huge natural energy resources. In order to maintain a sound territorial integrity as well as to fulfill the strategic and energy objectives of China, Xinjiang region has to be controlled by the Chinese government. Xinjiang has had its historical significance of being a trading hub in the ancient times and it still holds its value to the present day. About 80 percent of Chinese trade to Central Asia is done through the region. Xinjiang also serves as a communication portal for European land as six out eight Sino-European railways originates from here. The great Chinese Rise that the world is witnessing cannot be completed without the cooperation of Xinjiang. Despite of being a resource rich region, Xinjiang still lacks in economic prosperity and effective administration. Hence like Taiwan or Tibet, development in Xinjiang has become a foremost priority for the Chinese country.
China is the primary promoter of the idea of “three evils” (extremism, terrorism and separatism) in this province. The autonomous region of Xinjiang has been dealing these conflicts since 1990s. The Chinese government has issued various guidelines and policy regulations to control the political outcry, however, most of the actions have been severe and harsh on the ethnic minorities living in China’s Xinjiang region. With number of local and international protests rising, many world leaders have also made their stance clear. The United States of America and some other nations has already labeled the atrocities in the Xinjiang region by the Chinese government as genocide. Although this situation has put People’s Republic of China in a tight spot, the ultimate idea has to be about the welfare of the diverse population of the Xinjiang region.
Ethiopia is ethnically heterogeneous; with over 80 major ethnic groups. The 1994 Constitution made Ethiopia a federal republic with the right to self-determination for ethnically-based regional entities. Ethnicity has been the cornerstone of political representation since 1991, when the Ethiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), was founded. A coalition of four major ethnically oriented parties with the TPLF (Tigray People’s Liberation Front) functioning as the coalition’s leading force.
However, the long-reigning Tigrayan control of the national government was overthrown by protests in 2017 and Abiy Ahmed Ali was appointed Ethiopia’s prime minister in April 2018. He pledged to undertake a series of reforms that included the creation of the (PP) Prosperity Party (A single ruling party that was replaced by the EPRDF). However, three of EPRDF’s four parties were merged into PP, while TPLF refused to integrate itself with PP. The creation of the PP and his decisions to bypass TPLF in the appointment of the new cabinet and top officers was perceived as moving away from Ethiopia’s ethnic federalism.
Furthermore, in 2020, tensions swelled as the Abiy Ahmed-led government decided to extend the prime minister’s tenure and postpone the elections scheduled for August that year until the end of the pandemic. Deeming the decision invalid the Tigrayan regional government held a regional election in September 2020. The TPLF secured the majority of seats in the regional parliament. In retaliation, the ruling government cut their budgetary allocations for Tigray as their actions were considered invalid.
On November 3, 2020, these tensions escalated even further and erupted into a full-fledged war. When Abiy Ahmed ordered a military offensive by the Ethiopian National Defense Force (ENDF) against the Tigray Defense Force (TDF), who had taken control of the military headquarters in Mekelle, the regional capital of Tigray. Further tensions spilled over among other ethnic groups outside of Tigray, in which a slew of violent attacks against ethnically Oromo residents was witnessed. the government issued an order proclaiming an emergency in Amhara state in April 2021.
The overall conflict erupted into a civil war, with disastrous humanitarian effects by worsening the living conditions of almost six million people. In addition to the conflict, Tigray has had one of the worst famines in recent times, which was made worse by Abiy Ahmed’s decision to repeatedly deny humanitarian access to the region. Ethiopia also reported 5.1 million internally displaced people in a single year, the most of any country in a single year in 2021. This overall general state of affairs not only brings about humanitarian misery but also restrains economic development. As Resources shift from productive to destructive activities, reducing growth would result in Ethiopia’s fragmentation, placing it at risk of becoming yet another failed state.
Also, Ethiopia is at the centre of one of Africa’s five major disputes: the Nile water conflict or the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) issue. As a result of the continuing internal crises, Sudan and Egypt might have a gain over the GERD issue. Interestingly, even a small spill over effect from the Ethiopian crisis could have a grave influence on the stability of its neighbours. As the Horn of Africa is a conflict-inner region where both internal and external threats to a state intertwine, each nation’s security and stability are closely related to those of its neighbours.
